Over a dozen people braved the frigid morning temperature to
participate in this week's Nature Ramble.
The photos illustrating today's post were selected
from Don Hunter's
facebook
album. The pictures of the Bloodroot elaiosome and the Yellow Jessamine flower types are
mine.
We had two readings today, the first recommended by Emily's
sister, Jackie Elsner, and read by Hugh Nourse and the second was read by Don
Hunter. You can find both readings
here.
Sandra Hoffberg is one of our Nature Ramblers. She is a
doctoral student in Genetics at UGA, studying the invasive plants Kudzu and
Wisteria. She would like to enlist the help of volunteers in determining how
long Wisteria patches can persist in the southeast. I'll let Sandra herself tell
you about her project and request
at
this link.
Our route today was to take the White trail from the parking
area to the Dunson Native Flora Garden. From there we proceeded down the power
line ROW to the river and then turned right on the White trail to see the
freshly discovered Harlequin plants. Those seen, we returned to the ROW and
walked up the hill toward the second fence to see if the Serviceberry was still
in bloom. Then we returned via the White trail.
Many of the flowers we saw blooming in the Dunson Garden
last week were still blooming today, so I'll focus on the plants that have started blooming this week.
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| Bloodroot seed with elaiosome |
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| Johnny-jump-up seeds with elaiosomes |
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As we walked down the White trail from the parking lot we
noticed several Trilliums in the natural area. Since Trilliums do not naturally
occur in the SBG these must have wandered over from those in the Dunson Garden.
How they got here from there is a fascinating story. Many of the spring
ephemerals (those wildflowers that bloom early in spring before the canopy
closes) produce seeds that have a "food body." (The botanical term
for the food body is elaiosome -- pronounced: E-lie-o-soam.) The elaiosome is
made of fat and protein and is quite a tasty snack for ants. When an ant
forager discovers a seed with an elaiosome it carries it back to the nest where
the elaiosome is removed and eaten by other ants. The seed itself is carried
out of the nest and dumped on the ant refuse pile, a rich environment for
germinating seeds. So many spring ephemerals are dependent on ants for
dispersal and colonization of new places. The next time you see a Bloodroot or
Trillium thank an ant!
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| Perfoliate Bellwort |
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We found two very small Perfoliate Bellworts with flower
buds.
Dwarf Iris has produced some early shoots, but no buds
are visible. Wood poppies were up in abundance and blooming.One unusual Trillium with uniformly green leaves (no mottled
pattern) was seen. Shooting Stars are larger, but still not blooming.
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| Dutchman's Breeches |
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Very small Dutchman's Breeches had a few of their
unusual-looking flowers.
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| Sharplobed Hepatica |
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The Sharp-lobed Hepatica continues to produce flowers.
The small Pawpaws that we saw flower buds on last week may
be mislabeled. The signage identifies they as
Asimina triloba, but they are probably
A. parviflora (Dwarf Pawpaw or Small-flowered Pawpaw). This
information is courtesy of Ellen Honeycutt who pointed out that
A. triloba never flowers at such a small
size and that its flowers are much larger. By the way, if you haven't visited
Ellen's blog,
Using
Georgia Native Plants, you owe it to yourself to do so.
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| Halberdleaf Yellow Violet |
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Halberdleaf Yellow Violet is blooming.
After leaving the Dunson Garden we proceeded down the power
line ROW towards the river. Along the way we found the usual "weeds"
growing in the disturbed area next to the path: Hen Bit, Purple Dead Nettle,
Gill-over-the-ground (Ground Ivy), and Field Pansy (Johnny Jump Up). For
pictures of these plants check out last week's Ramble Report.
In the marshy area between the fence and river we found some
kind of cress growing, but no one was able to identify it with certainty.
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| Indian Strawberry |
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| Yellow Fumewort or Harlequin |
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Turning right on the White trail we found Blue Speedwell and
Indian Strawberry in bloom, as well as our destination plant, Yellow Fumewort,
or Harlequin, in bloom. Hugh and Carol first found this plant in the garden a
number of years ago but it then disappeared, so it was exciting to see it had
reappeared today.
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| Boxelder flowers with developing seeds |
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At the river's edge nearby a large Box Elder was in bloom.
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| Serviceberry flowers | |
Having found our target we returned to the ROW and went up
the hill to see if the Serviceberry was still in bloom. Serviceberries are
among the earliest blooming shrubs/trees in the woods and their blossoms don't
last very long (as mentioned in the Byron Herbert Reece poem Hugh read at the
start of this ramble). On the way up the hill we found the Bluets blooming in
profusion, a few Green and Gold in flower and the Redbud filled with their
delightful pinkish-red flowers. One of the Redbuds has suffered an infestation
of mites that feed inside the buds, transforming them into dark, brittle galls.
Further up the hill we passed the lichens that grow on the very poor subsoil
exposed on the embankment and then found the Serviceberry. It had lost many of
its petals but there were still many intact flowers. Probably by next week only
the developing fruit will remain. (The difference between a Serviceberry and a Pear is in the width of the petals. Notice how narrow they are. Those of a pear tree are much fatter and rounded.)
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| Cedar Apple Gall |
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On the way back down the hill, where the White trail crosses
the ROW we found a small Red Cedar, infected with Cedar Apple Rust. This is a
fungal infection that begins with a brownish-orange swelling on the stem. This
gall increases in size and then sprouts dark brown horns. When it matures the
horns exude orange, gelatinous tentacles that release spores. The spores drift
through the air and, if the land on a suitable host plant , develop into a rust
infection. This rust, in turn produces spores that can infect Red Cedars. It is
significant that the cedar we found is growing in proximity to a cherry tree,
because the alternate host of the Cedar Apple Rust fungus is a plant in the
Rose family (Apples, Cherries, Plums, etc.) We'll watch the Cherry in the
future to see if it develops signs of rust infection.
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| Yellow Jessamine, long style form |
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| Yellow Jessamine, short style form |
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Close to the Red Cedar and scrambling over weeds and small
shrubs is a vine of Yellow Jessamine, currently bearing several yellow flowers.
Hugh pointed out that Yellow Jessamine has two different flower forms. One type
has a short style and very long stamens; the other has the reverse condition, a
long style and very short stamens. A single plant has one or the other type of
flowers, but never both. This peculiar floral difference is increases the
likelihood of cross-pollination. When a pollinator like a bee enters a
long-styled flower it gets pollen deposited on its head as it seeks nectar at
the base of the flower. If it then enters a short styled flower the pollen on
its head will be transferred to the short styles at the bottom of the flower. (Actually,
it gets transferred to the
stigmas at
the end of the styles.)Similarly, pollen from a short styled flower will be
deposited on the back of the bee, not the head; this pollen can only be
transferred to the stigma of a long-styled plant. Why is cross-pollination
favored? It avoids the inbreeding that would occur if the plant were to
self-fertilize.
